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Close Encounters Of The Third Order

The 1977 science fiction movie Close Encounters of the Third Kind was written and directed by Steven Spielberg. The title is derived from the classification by Hynek for close encounters with aliens, in which the […]

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Adjusting Volatility To Discrete Cash Dividends

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What is Implied by Implied Volatility?

Word and concept Implied volatility is not just a word or a concept. As a word, what is implied by implied volatility – what “implied volatility” means – is the value of the Brownian diffusion […]

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Volatility: Time and Black–Scholes–Merton

The formalism of Black–Scholes–Merton knows of no such thing as the past or the future. When it models the stochastic process of the underlying asset price as Brownian motion and symbolizes its volatility by σ, […]